BSC1011 Lab Study Guide
Vascular Plants

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Terms to Know:

vascular [VASS kew lar]

xylem [ZIE lum]

phloem [FLOW um]

spore (sing.)

seed (sing.)

sporangium (sing.) [spore AN gee um]
sporangia (pl.) [spore AN gee ah]

tapetum (sing.) [tah PEE tum]
tapeta (pl.) [tah PEE tah]

epiphyte (sing.) [EP eh fight]

prophyll (sing.) [PRO fill]

trace (sing.)

stoma (sing.) [STOW mah]
stomata (pl.) [stow MAH tah]

rhizome (sing.) [RYE zoam]

mycorrhiza (sing.) [my co RYE zah]
mycorrhizae (pl.) [my co RYE zee]

sporogenous [spore OG eh nus]

sporocyte (sing.) [SPORE oh sight]

plasmodial [plaz MOE dee ul]

sporophyte (sing.) [SPORE oh fight]

gametophyte (sing.) [gah MEET oh fight]

embryo (sing.) [EM bree oh]
embryos (pl.) [EM bree ohs]

antheridium (sing.) [an thur ID ee um]
antheridia (pl.) [an thur ID ee ah]

archegonium (sing.) [ark eh GONE ee um]
archegonia (pl.) [ark eh GONE ee ah]

sterile jacket

neck (sing.)

venter (sing.) [VIN tur]

ventral canal cell

neck canal cell

actinostele [ack TIN oh steel]

cortex (sing.) [CORE tex]
cortices (pl.) [CORE teh seez]

parenchyma (sing.) [pah RIN kah mah]
parenchymae (pl.) [pah RIN kah mee]

guard cell (sing.)

sporophyll (sing.) [SPORE oh fill]

ligule (sing.) [LIG yule]

microphyll (sing.) [MY crow fill]

pseudomonopodial [SUE doe mon ah POAD ee ul]

root hair

strobilus (sing.) [STROW beh luss]
strobili (pl.) [STROW beh lie]

homosporous [hoe MOSS pore us]

plectostele (sing.) [PLECK toe steele]

endodermis (sing.) [IN doe DERM is]
endodermises (pl.) [IN doe DERM eh seez]

protoxylem (sing.)

metaxylem (sing.)

epidermis (sing.) [ep eh DERM iss]
epidermises (pl.) [ep eh DERM eh seez]

anisophylly [an eh SOFF eh lee]

microsporangium (sing.) [my crow spore AN gee um]
microsporangia (pl.) [my crow spore AN gee ah]

megasporangium (sing.) [meg ah spore AN gee um]
megasporangia (pl.) [meg ah spore AH gee ah]

microsporocyte (sing.) [my crow SPORE oh sight]

megaspore (sing.) [MEG ah spore]

trabecula (sing.) [trah BECK you lah]
trabeculae (pl.) [trah BECK you lee]

corm (sing.) [korm]

lacuna (sing.) [lah KUN ah]
lacunae (pl.) [lah KUN ee]

adventitious [ad ven TISH us]

central canal (sing.)

carinal canal (sing.) [kah RINE ul]

vallecular canal (sing.) [vah LECK you lar]

peltate [PELL tate]

pinna (sing.) [PIN ah]
pinnae (pl.) [PIN ee]

rachis (sing.) [RAY kiss]
rachi (pl.) [RAY ky]

stipe (sing.)

frond (sing.)

sorus (sing.) [SORE us]
sori (pl.) [SORE eye]

annulus (sing.) [AN you luss]
annuli (pl.) [AN you lie]

lip cell (sing.)

prothallus (sing.) [pro THAL us]
prothalli (pl.) [pro THAL eye]

pinnule (sing.) [PIN youl]

rachilla (sing.) [ray KILL ah]
rachillae (pl.) [ray KILL ee]

indusium (sing.) [in DEW see um]
indusia (pl.) [in DEW see ah]

mesophyll (sing.) [MEZ oh fill]

hypodermis (sing.) [high poe DERM iss]
hypodermises (pl.) [high poe DERM eh seez]

apogeotrophic [AP oh GEE oh TROW fik]

microstrobilus (sing.) [my crow STROBE eh luss]
microstrobili (pl.) [my crow STROBE eh lie]

microsporophyll (sing.) [my crow SPORE oh fill]

prothallial cell (sing.) [pro THAL ee ul]

antheridial cell (sing.) [an thur RID ee ul]

generative cell (sing.) [GIN er ah tive]

tube nucleus (sing.)
tube nuclei (pl.)

stalk cell (sing.)

body cell (sing.)

micropyle (sing.) [MY crow pile]

coleorhiza (sing.) [co lee oh RIZ ah]
coleorhizae (pl.) [co lee oh RIZ ee]

radicle (sing.) [RAD eh kull]

cotyledon (sing.) [cot eh LEE don]

plummule (sing.) [PLUE mule]

integument (sing.) [in TEG you mint]

dimorphism [die MORE fiz um]

spur shoot (sing.)

long shoot (sing.)

exine [EX eyne]

intine [IN tine]

columnar [co LUM nar]

excurrent [ex CURR ent]

deliquescent [dell eh QUESS int]

spring wood

summer wood

bud scale (sing.)

lignified [LIG neh fied]

resin canal [REZ in]

resin

phellem (sing.) [FELL em]

cork cell (sing.)

pith (sing.)

ray (sing.)

cross section

radial section

tangential section [tan GIN shul]

cambium (sing.) [CAM bee um]
cambia (pl.) [CAM bee ah]

fiber (sing.)

tracheid (sing.) [TRAY kee id]

vessel (sing.)

hypodermis (sing.) [high poe DERM iss]
hypodermises (pl.) [high poe DERM eh seez]

pit (sing.)

bordered pit (sing.)

transfusion tissue [trans FUZE shun]

vessel element (sing.)

phyllotaxis (sing.) [FILL oh TAX iss]
phyllotaxes (pl.) [FILL oh TAX ez]

alternate

opposite

whorled

petal (sing.) [PET ul]

corolla (sing.) [co ROLL ah]
corollae (pl.) [co ROLL ee]

anther (sing.) [AN thur]

filament (sing.) [FILL ah mint]

pistil (sing.) [PISS tul]

ovary (sing.) [OH vah ree]
ovaries (pl.) [OH vah reez]

sepal (sing.) [SEE pul]

calyx (sing.) [KAY licks]
calyces (pl.) [KAY leh seez]

receptacle (sing.) [ree SEP teh kul]

pedicel (sing.) [PED eh sul]

carpel (sing.) [CAR pul]

superior

inferior

floral tube (sing.)

perigynous [peh RIDGE eh nus]

epigynous [eh PIDGE eh nus]

hypogenous [high POGE eh nus]

monocotyledon (sing.) [MOE no COT eh LEE don]

dicotyledon (sing.) [DIE cot eh LEE don]

actinomorphic [ack TIN oh MORE fik]

zygomorphic [ZIE go MORE fik]

complete

incomplete

perfect

imperfect

pollinium (sing.) [poe LIN ee um]
pollinia (pl.) [poe LIN ee ah]

lemma (sing.) [LIM ah]
lemmae (pl.) [LIM ee]

palea (sing.) [PALE ee ah]
paleae (pl.) [PALE ee ee]

lodicule (sing.) [LOD eh kul]

floret (sing.) [FLORE et]

glume (sing.)

inflorescence [in flor ESS ence]

axillary [AX eh lair ee]

spike (sing.)

raceme (sing.) [rah SEEM]

panicle (sing.) [PAN eh kul]

corymb (sing.) [core I'M]

head (sing.)

composite (sing.) [com POZ it]

involucre (sing.) [IN voe LUKE ur]

ray flower (sing.)

disk flower (sing.)

pappus (sing.) [PAP us]
pappuses (pl.) [PAP us sez]

umbel (sing.) [UM bel]

cyme (sing.) [SYME]

catkin (sing.) [CAT kin]

spathe (sing.)

spadix (sing.) [SPAY diks]
spadices (pl.) [SPAY deh seez]

exocarp [EX oh carp]

endocarp [IN doe carp]

mesocarp [MEZ oh carp]

pericarp [PERE eh carp]

dry fruit

fleshy fruit

unicarpellate [YOU neh CAR peh late]

multicarpellate

simple fruit

aggregate fruit

multiple fruit

placenta (sing.) [plah SIN tah]
placentae (pl.) [plah SIN tee]

ovule (sing.) [OVH yule]

funiculus (sing.) [few NICK you luss]
funiculi (pl.) [few NICK you lie]

hilum (sing.) [HIGH lum]
hila (pl.) [HIGH lah]

parietal placentation [pah RYE eh tul] [plass en TAY shun]

axile [AX ile]

free-central

follicle (sing.) [FOLL eh kul]

dehisce [dee HISS]

legume (sing.) [LEG yume]

capsule (sing.) [CAP sule]

loculicidal [lock you LISS eh dul]

septicidal [sep teh SIDE ul]

poricidal [pore eh SIDE ul]

caryopsis (sing.) [care eh OP siss]
caryopses (pl.) [care eh OP seez]

achene (sing.) [ah KEEN]

samara (sing.) [SAM ah rah]

silique (sing.) [seh LEEK]

silicle [SILL eh kul]

berry (sing.)
berries (pl.)

hesperidium (sing.) [hess peh RID ee um]
hesperidia (pl.) [hess peh RID ee ah]

pepo (sing.) [PEE poe]

drupe (sing.)

pome (sing.)

Genera to Know:

Rhynia [RIN ee ah]

Cooksonia [cook SOAN ee ah]

Zosterophyllyum [zoss ter oh FILL um]

Psilotum [sy LOW tum]

Lycopodium [lie co POAD ee um]

Selaginella [seh lag eh NELL um]

Isoëtes [eye so EE teez]

Equisetum [eh kwee SEE tum]

Zamia [ZAME ee ah]

Gingkgo biloba [GING koh] [by LOW bah]

Pinus [PIE nus]

Divisions You Need to Know:

Psilophyta [sy LOP seh dah]

Lycophyta [lie KOFF eh tah]

Spenophyta [speh NOFF eh tah]

Cycadophyta [sy co DOFF eh tah]

Gingkgophyta [gink OFF eh tah]

Coniferophyta [co niff er OFF eh tah]

Anthophyta [an THOFF eh tah]

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

1. explain the difference among seedless and seeded plants,
2. identify by gross morphology Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoëtes, and Equisetum,
3. differentiate microscopically and macroscopically among the sporangia of Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoëtes, and Equisetum,
4. distinguish between homosporous and heterosporous spore production and give examples of representative genera,
5. explain various methods of spore dispersal in the seedless plants,
6. identify and explain the structures associated with fern sporangia,
7. differentiate by gross morphology the seed plants Zamia, Ginkgo, Pinus, Ephedra, and any typical angiosperm,
8. differentiate between indusiate and nonindusiate ferns,
9. differentiate among cross, radial and tangential sections of wood in gymnosperms,
10. differentiate the cellular components of vascular tissue of gymnosperms and angiosperms,
11. identify the structures of a complete, perfect angiospermous flower,
12. identify three types of ovaries in angiosperms,
13. differentiate between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers,
14. explain the modifications of a Hibiscus flower,
15. recognize the various types of inflorescences in angiospermous flowers,
16. recognize and describe the various dry and fleshy fruit types in angiospermous flowers,
17. identify and describe the various types of placentation in angiospermous flowers,
18. recognize the three basic phyllotaxes found in angiospermous leaves, and
19. differentiate among simple, pinnately compound and palmately compound leaves.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

1. The nutritive layer in the sporangium that protects and nourishes the spores is called the .
2. Psilotum produces a very primitive, nonphotosynthetic "leaf" which contains no vascular trace called the .
3. The mutualistic fungal relationship with the root systems of many vascular plants is called a relationship.
4. Spore containing leaves are called .
5. A heterosporous spore producing plant produces two types of spores. They are called which give rise to sperm cells and which give rise to egg cells.
6. Identify which is homosporous and which is heterosporous.
   a. Psilotum
   b. Lycopodium
   c. Selaginella
   d. Isoëtes
   e. Equisetum
7. is the genus of spore bearing plant which exhibits anisophylly.
8. is the plant which produces both carinal and vallecular canals in its stem.
9. is the genus of plant commonly called scouring rush - used by pioneers to scrub pots and pans.
10. The are found in the sporangia and aid in spore dispersal through hygroscopic action.
11. The hygroscopic portion of a fern sporangium is called the .
12. The cells are the point of breakage in the sporangia of ferns.
13. The is the heart shaped structure in ferns that gives rise to antheridia and archegonia.
14. Give the genus for the appropriate common name or description.
    coontie
    a living fossil
    scouring rush
    whisk fern
    spike moss
15. Apple blossoms form this particular type of ovary where it appears inferior, but in reality is a superior ovary. .
16. Which section has the xylem rays looking like stacks of bricks ?
17. What is unusual about the stomata of pine needles?
18. What cell type is found in angiosperms which is not found in most gymnosperms?
19. Radially symmetrical flowers are also said to be while orchid flowers are irregular and said to be .
20. Match the inflorescence with the description.
    a. flowers attached sessily to an elongated stem
    b. all the stalked flowers arise from a single, common point.
    c. all the stalked flowers arise from different points but a flat top of blooms is produced d. clusters of sessile flowers
21. The three layers of an ovary are the (outer layer), the (middle layer), and the (inner layer)
22. A single ovary is referred to as this type of fruit . However, if the fruit is composed of numerous ovaries on a single flower, it is said to be a(n) fruit. If the fruit is composed of numerous fused flowers, it is said to be a(n) fruit.
23. The point at which the developing ovule attaches to the placenta is called the .
24. Modified spikes which fall off the plant entire are called .
25. Name the type of fruit as either simple, aggregate, or multiple.
    strawberry
    tomato
    pineapple
26. Identify the type of simple fleshy or dry fruit.
    peach
    cantaloupe
    orange
    grape
    apple

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.

1. A dry fruit which dehisces along two sutures is called a:
   (1) follicle.
   (2) legume.
   (3) capsule.
   (4) caryopsis.
   (5) samara.
2. This type of fruit has a leathery exocarp, spongy mesocarp and and endocarp composed of juice sacs.
   (1) berry
   (2) hesperidium
   (3) pome
   (4) pepo
   (5) drupe
3. This particular fruit has a stony endocarp, a fleshy mesocarp and a skin-like exocarp.
   (1) berry
   (2) hesperidium
   (3) pome
   (4) pepo
   (5) drupe
4. This type of inflorescence may be composed of ray and disc flowers
   (1) spike
   (2) cyme
   (3) catkin
   (4) head
   (5) spathe and spadix
5. Angiosperms have this cell type in the vascular tissue that is not typical of gymnosperms.
   (1) fibers
   (2) parenchyma
   (3) tracheids
   (4) vessel elements
   (5) none of the above
6. Which of the following may be considered as useful in retarding water loss in leaves?
   (1) multilayered epidermis
   (2) sunken stomata
   (3) thick waxy cuticle
   (4) more than one is correct
   (5) none of the above
7. This tissue is responsible for directing water flow in roots (and some stems) upward and preventing the lateral flow of water.
   (1) epidermis
   (2) endodermis
   (3) cortex
   (4) xylem ray
   (5) none of the above
8. Selaginella and Isoëtes are characterized by a little flap of tissue on the sporophylls called the
   (1) microsporophyll.
   (2) megasporophyll.
   (3) ligule.
   (4) endodermis.
   (5) annulus.
9. Which of the following is nutritive tissue for spores?
   (1) epidermis
   (2) cortex
   (3) tapetum
   (4) strobilus
   (5) none of the above
10. Clusters of spore bearing leaves are called.
    (1) strobili.
    (2) sporangia.
    (3) steles.
    (4) flowers.
    (5) candles.