BSC1011 Lab Study Guide
Evolution of Plants (Nonvascular Plants)

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Terms to Know in This Chapter:

autotrophic [aw toe TROW fik]

alternation of generations

haploid [HAP lloyd]

diploid [DIP lloyd]

sporophyte (sing.) [SPORE oh fight]

gametophyte (sing.) [gah MEET oh fight]

xylem [ZIE lum]

phloem [FLOW um]

vascular tissue

leptoid (sing.) [LEP toid]

hydroid (sing.) [HIGH droid]

gymnosperm (sing.) [GYM no sperm]

angiosperm (sing.) [AN gee oh sperm]

cone (sing.)

disclimax [diss CLY max]

phylum (sing.) [FIE lum]
phyla (pl.) [FIE lah]

division (sing.)

thallus (sing.) [THAL us]
thalli (pl.) [THAL eye]

dioecious [die EE shush]

air chamber (sing.)

pore (sing.)

rhizoid (sing.) [RYE zoid]

smooth

pegged

scale (sing.)

parenchyma (sing.) [pare IN keh mah]
parenchymae (pl.) [pare IN keh mee]

antheriodiophore (sing.) [an thur RID ee oh fore]

antheridium (sing.) [an thur RID ee um]
antheridia (pl.) [an thur RID ee ah]

archegoniophore (sing.) [ark eh GONE ee oh fore]

archegonium (sing.) [ark eh GONE ee um]
archegonia (pl.) [ark eh GONE ee ah]

capsule (sing.) [CAP sule]

spore (sing.)

elater (sing.) [eh LAY tur]

gemma (sing.) [GYM ah]
gemmae (pl.) [GYM ee]

sterile jacket

spermogenous [spur MAG ee nus]

venter (sing.)

neck (sing.)

ventral canal cell (sing.)

neck canal cell (sing.)

calyptra (sing.) [cah LIP trah]
calyptrae (pl.) [cah LIP tree]

pseudoperianth (sing.) [SUE doe PERE ee anth]

foot (sing.)

seta (sing.) [SEE tah]
setae (pl.) [SEE tee]

thallose (sing.) [THAL ose]

anisophylly [an eh SOFF eh lee]

dead cell

epidermis (sing.) [ep eh DERM is]
epidermises (pl.) [eh eh DERM eh sez]

cortex (sing.) [CORE tex]
cortices (pl.) [CORE teh seez]

protonema (sing.) [pro tow NEE mah]
protonemae (pl.) [pro tow NEE me]

paraphysis (sing.) [pah RIFF eh siss]
paraphyses (pl.) [pah RIFF eh seez]

operculum (sing.) [oh PERK you lum]
opercula (pl.) [oh PERK you lah]

peristome (sing.) [PERE eh stoam]

stoma (sing.) [STOW mah]
stomata (pl.) [stow MAH tah]

Divisions to Know

Hepatophyta [hep eh TOFF eh tah]

Bryophyta [bry OFF eh tah]

Anthoceratophyta [an tho SER eh TOFF eh tah]

Genera to Know

Marchantia [mar CAN tee ah]

Sphagnum [SPAG num]

Porella [pore ELL ah]

Polytrichum [poh LIT ree kum]

Anthoceros [an THOSS er us]

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

1. explain alternation of generations,
2. differentiate between nonvascular and vascular plants,
3. identify Marchantia both microscopically and macroscopically,
4. differentiate sexes of Marchantia,
5. explain the functions of pores and stomata,
6. explain the function of gemmae,
7. explain the function of elaters,
8. identify which parts of Marchantia are sporophytic and gametophytic,
9. distinguish between thallose and leafy liverworts,
10. explain the function of dead cells,
11. distinguish male and female plants in Polytrichum,
12. identify Polytrichum both microscopically and macroscopically,
13. explain the function of the peristome,
14. describe how Marchantia and Polytrichum reproduce sexually.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

1. The diploid stage in plants is referred to as the stage and the haploid stage is referred to as the stage.
2. Specialized tissue for the conduction of food is called while specialized tissue for the conduction of water is called .
3. Collectively, xylem and phloem are referred to as .
4. The artificial maintenance of a species is referred to as .
5. In plants, the term phylum is replaced by the term .
6. Liverworts may have two body types: and .
7. Liverworts may have two types of rhizoids: and .
8. Antheridia are embedded in the of Marchantia and the first drop of rain releases the sperm. The next drop of rain splashes the sperm to the female plant's reproductive structure called the which contain the archegonia.
9. When the egg is fertilized in the archegonium, sporogenous tissues undergoes meiosis to produce . These are dispersed by hygroscopic filaments called .
10. The archegonium is composed of several types of cells. The base of the archegonium is called the . The main cell in the venter is the . Just above the egg and also in the venter is the which eventually decomposes. Leading away from the venter are a series of sterile cells called the . Inside the neck are which decompose and form a mucus for the sperm to swim through to reach the egg.
11. Indicate which is sporophyte and which is gametophyte:
    pseudoperianth
    foot
    seta
    capsule
    sporocytes
    elaters
    archegonium
    thallus
    tetrads of spores
12. Porella is a leafy liverwort where there are two different size "leaves". This condition is known as .
13. This cell in Sphagnum may retain large quantities of water. .
14. The common name of Polytrichum is . It is known by this name because of the which covers the capsule.
15. A germinating moss spore produces a very fine filament called the with lens-shaped chloroplasts.
16. A row of teeth called the cover the opening of the capsule in the moss. These teeth remain (open or closed) in dry environments.

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.

1. Sterile hairs intermixed with the antheridia and archegonia of Polytrichum are called:
   (1) the calyptra.
   (2) paraphyses.
   (3) the peristome.
   (4) the venter.
   (5) seta.
2. Sporogenous tissue is said to be:
   (1) haploid.
   (2) diploid.
   (3) gametophytic.
   (4) dikaryotic.
   (5) none of the above
3. The cover over the capsule which is simply remnants of the archegonium is called the:
   (1) peristome.
   (2) sporangium.
   (3) elater.
   (4) calyptra.
   (5) sporophyte.
4. The structure that holds the antheridia in Marchantia is called the
   (1) archegoniophore.
   (2) antheridiophore.
   (3) peristome.
   (4) calyptra.
   (5) sterile jacket.
5. This is asexual reproduction.
   (1) gemma
   (2) antheridiophore
   (3) antheridiophore
   (4) sporogenous tissue
   (5) none of the above