BSC1005 Study Guide for Laboratory

Laboratory Study Guide,

Cell Chemistry


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Read:

Cell Chemistry, pp 1-9.


Terms to Know in This Chapter:

atom (sing.) [AT om]

compound (sing.) [COM pound]

molecule (sing.) [MOLL eh kule]

carbon [CAR bon]

hydrogen [HIE drow gin]

oxygen [OX eh gin]

nitrogen [NIE trow gin]

sulfur [SULL fur]

phosphorus [FOSS for us]

protein (sing.) [PRO teen]

carbohydrate (sing.) [car bow HIE drate]

lipid (sing.) [LIP id]

nucleic acid (sing.) [new CLAY ik]

structure

conformation [con for MAY shun]

enzyme (sing.) [IN zyme]

catalyst (sing.) [CAT ah list]

energy [IN er gee]

amino acid (sing.) [ah MEAN oh]

carboxyl group [car BOX ul]

amino group

radical

chromatography [crow mah TOG rah fee]

solubility [sol you BILL eh tee]

cysteine [SISS teh een]

alanine [AL ah neen]

phenylalanine [FEE nul AL ah neen]

capillary tube [CAP eh lair ee]

solvent [SOL vent]

glycine [GLIE seen]

ninhydrin [in HIGH drin]

empirical [im PEER eh kul]

dipeptide [die PEP tide]

aspartic acid [ah SPAR tik]

histidine [HIS teh deen]

dehydration synthesis [de high DRAY shun] [SIN theh siss]

conformation synthesis [con den SAY shun]

hydrolysis [high DROL eh siss]

glucose [GLUE kose]

chlorophyll [CHOR oh fill]

photosynthesis [foe toe SIN theh siss]

cellular respiration [ress peh RAY shun]

adenosine triphosphate [ah DIN oh seen] [tri FOSS fate]

monosaccharide (sing.) [moe noe SACK ah ride]

disaccharide (sing.) [die SACK ah ride]

maltose [MALL tose]

cellulose [CELL you loas]

starch

Benedict's test [BEN eh dicks]

reducing sugar

polysaccharide (sing.) [pol eh SACK ah ride

cupric ion [KEW prick]

cuprous ion [KEW prus]

iodine [EYE oh dine]

starch grain

acid (sing.)

base (sing.)

salt (sing.)

dissociation [diss so see AY shun]

hydrogen ion

hydroxide ion [high DROX ide]

neutralization [new treh lah ZAY shun]

hydrochloric acid [high drow CHLOR ik]

sodium hydroxide [SEW dee um] [high DROX ide]

pH

lye

titration [tigh TRAY shun]

universal indicator


What You Need to Know:


You should be able to:

  1. relate how atoms combine chemically to form molecules and compounds,
  2. name the elements from which life arises on this planet,
  3. name the four major classes of organic compounds in living things,
  4. name the building blocks of proteins and give four things which are common to all of them,
  5. explain how amino acids differ from one another,
  6. separate amino acids by paper chromatography and explain the process and principles behind the separation,
  7. identify an unknown mixture of amino acids from a sample provided,
  8. nitrogen molecular models of amino acids provided and be able to construct examples provided by your instructor,
  9. determine the empricial formula for amino acids provided by the instructor,
  10. distinguish between condensation synthesis (dehydration synthesis) and hydrolysis, and how they relate to making and breaking dipeptide bonds,
  11. recognize the structure for glucose
  12. distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides,
  13. distinguish between starch and cellulose,
  14. run a diagnostic test for reducing sugars using Benedict's solution,
  15. distinguish between a control and other experimental tests,
  16. explain what is meant by a reducing sugar,
  17. run a diagnostic test for starch,
  18. identify starch grains under a microscope,
  19. differentiate among acids, bases, and salts, and
  20. explain the results of the electrolysis experiment and how it relates to neutralization.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.


  1. The complexity of life on this planet is due to the element called .
  2. are the structures of life on this planet.
  3. Proteins may act as while are the source of energy.
  4. All amino acids have four things in common. They are
    a.
    b.
    c. , and
    d. .
  5. What makes each of the 20 common amino acids different and distinct?
  6. Which amino acid should move the fartherest distance from the starting point in a non polar solvent, the most polar or the most nonpolar amino acid? .
  7. What compound is used to "develop" your chromatogram?
  8. Nitrogen atoms are typically represented in molecular models by the color .
  9. What is the empirical formula for the amino acid alanine?
  10. The addition of water to break a large molecule down into smaller molecules is called .
  11. Glucose + glucose (with the removal of water by condensation synthesis) results in the production of this disaccharide.

    Tube #Test
    Solution    		QuantityBenedict'sReaction
    1distilled
    water    		10 drops5 ml-
    22% glucose10 drops5 ml+++
    32% galactose10 drops5 ml+++
    42% sucrose10 drops5 ml-
    5potato extract10 drops5 ml-
    62% lactose10 drops5 ml-

    Using the chart above, answer the following questions.

  12. Which test tube is the control?
  13. Both lactose and sucrose are sugars. Why did they not test positive with Benedict's reagent? (Text will scroll.)
  14. Glucose is a monosaccharide and sucrose is a disaccharide. From this information, what can you say about galactose?
  15. Which ion is responsible for changing color to form an orange precipitate in the Benedict's test, cuprous or cupric?
  16. What polysaccharide turns blue, purple or black in the presence of iodine?
  17. Bases taste while acids taste .
  18. What is the pH of pure water? .
  19. You know that acids will conduct electricty, as well as bases. When, then, did the solution conduct electricty when you mixed the acid with the base to neutralize the acid? (Text will scroll.)
  20. What is the process called where you neutralize the acid by adding base drop by drop?

    Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.

    Numbers 1-4 are amino acids. Number 5 is a mixture of amino acids.

  21. Which amino acid is the most soluble in the solvent?
  22. Which amino acids are present in the mixture?
  23. If the solvent is polar, what can you say about amino acid # 3?

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.


  1. Which of the following is a reducing sugar?

    (1) glucose

    (2) galactose

    (3) sucrose

    (4) both 1 and 2 are correct.

    (5) both 1 and 3 are correct.

  2. How do all amino acids differ?

    (1) the central atom

    (2) the type of carboxyl group

    (3) the type of amino group

    (4) the number of hydrogens attached to the central carbon

    (5) the composition of the radical

  3. What is the empirical formula for glycine?

    (1) CH5ON2

    (2) C2H5O2N

    (3) C2H5ON2

    (4) C3H8O2N

    (5) C2H5O3N

  4. Which process is used to form a dipeptide from two amino acids?

    (1) condensation synthesis

    (2) dehydration synthesis

    (3) hydrolysis

    (4) both 1 and 2

    (5) both 2 and 3

  5. Which is correctly matched?

    (1) Benedict's test - cellulose

    (2) iodine - cellulose

    (3) ninhydrin - reducing sugar

    (4) ninhydrin - amino acid

    (5) None of the above are correct.