Chapter 1 - The Scientific Method

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Terms to Know in This Chapter:

hypothesis (sing.) [high POTH eh siss]
hypotheses (pl.) [high POTH eh sees]
inductive [in DUCK tive]
deductive [dee DUCK tive]
syllogism [SILL oh giz um]
major premise
minor premise
conclusion
theory [THEER ree]
law
datum (sing.) [DAT um]
data (pl.) [DAT ah]
information
control
placebo [plah SEE boh]
variable
repeatability
HTLV III
HIV
Kaposi's sarcoma [CAP oh sees] [sar COAM ah]
thrush
opportunistic infection
high risk category
safe sex
nonoxyl-9 [no NOX ul]
virus (sing.) [VIE russ]
viruses (pl.) [VIE russ es]
protozoan [pro toe ZOE an]
bacterium (sing.) [back TEER eh um]
bacteria (pl.) [back TEER eh ah]
mycoplasma (sing.) [MY co PLAZ mah]
prion [PREE on]
crude rubber
vulcanization [VUL can uh ZAY shun]

People You Need to Know:

Luc Montagnier [Luk] [Mon ton yeh]
Robert Gallo
Chyn-Ching Lo
Peter Duesberg
Charles Goodyear
Robert Koch [cock]

Genera You Need to Know:

Pneumocystis jiroveci [new moe SISS tus] [geer oh VEK ee]
(formerly Pneumocystis carini [new moe SISS tus] [cah RHIN eye])

Candida albicans [CAN dee dah] [AL beh kans]

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning,

recognize an example of a syllogism and give the three basic parts,

state the five steps of the scientific method and understand how the method is used in the scientific community to make discoveries,

understand how variables and controls affect experiments,

understand how the scientific method has been utilized to find the cause of AIDS in humans,

give some history of the epidemiology of AIDS,

explain how serendipity has played a role in science,

have an understanding of Koch's postulates and how they are used to prove the causative agent of a disease, and

explain the difference between a theory and a law.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

The temperature of a body of water for six days was as follows:

DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 DAY 6

TEMP 76.3 76.2 76.5 76.5 76.3 76.3

The conclusion is the temperature on day seven will probably be in the 76 degree range. This is an example of reasoning. (inductive or deductive)

Beth is smart and made well on the first test. She will make well on the second test. This is an example of reasoning. (inductive or deductive)

An educated guess is called a(n) .

What must you do to determine if your hypothesis is correct?

Name the scientist who discovered mycoplasmas in the blood of AIDS patients?

All marines are strong. John is a marine. John is strong. Which of the three previous sentences is the minor premise?

Who stated that to prove an organism is the causative agent of disease, you must isolate the organism, inject the organism into a healthy animal, and the healthy animal must come down with the disease?

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.

Engineers are highly paid. John is an engineer. John is highly paid. This is an example of:

(1) inductive reasoning.

(2) deductive reasoning.

(3) a syllogism.

(4) both 1 and 3 are correct.
(5) both 2 and 3 are correct.

This is often a problem in completing the scientific method.

(1) a variable

(2) a control.

(3) a hypothesis

(4) the test of the hypothesis

(5) more than one answer is correct

Who challenges the belief HIV is the causative agent of AIDS?

(1) Charles Goodyear

(2) Luc Montagnier

(3) Chyn-Ching Lo

(4) Robert Gallo

(5) Peter Duesberg

The simplest form of deductive thought is called a:

(1) major premise.

(2) minor premise.

(3) conclusion.

(4) syllogism.

(5) hypothesis.

Which of the following is considered a "safe" sex act?

(1) vaginal intercourse with a condom

(2) anal intercourse with a condom

(3) oral sex

(4) hugging, petting, light kissing

(5) more than one answer is correct