Chapter 13 - Metabolism

Chapter 13 - Metabolism


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Terms to Know in This Chapter:

metabolism [meh TAB oh liz um]

catabolism [cah TAB oh liz um]

anabolism [AN ah boh liz um]

energy [IN er gee]

work

first law of thermodynamics [THUR moe die NAM iks]

second law of thermodynamics

entropy [IN trow pee]

mechanical energy

potential energy [poe TEN shul]

kinetic energy [kie NET ik]

reactant (sing.) [ree ACK tant]

product (sing.)

spontaneous [spon TAN ee us]

endergonic [in dur GOHN ik]

exergonic [eks er GOHN ik]

endothermic [in doe THUR mick]

exothermic [EKS oh thur mick]

energy of activation

surface area

proximity [prox EM ee tee]

temperature

catalyst (sing.) [CAT ah list]

enzyme (sing.) [IN zyme]

active site

substrate

enzyme-substrate complex

lock and key hypothesis

feedback

competitive inhibition [in heh BEH shun]

noncompetitive inhibition

uncompetitive inhibition

allosteric modification [al oh STERE ik]

cofactor (sing.)

coenzyme (sing.)

cobalt

anemia [ah NEME ee ah]

pernicious anemia [pur NISH us]

fat soluble vitamins

water soluble vitamins

vitamin A

vitamin D

vitamin E

vitamin K

oxidation

reduction

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [nick oh TIN ah mide] [ADD eh neen] [die NEW klee oh tide]

flavin adenine dinucleotide [FLAY ven]

flavin mononucleotide

Quinone [KWY noan]

cytochromes

oxygen


What You Need to Know:


You should be able to:

  1. explain the two aspects of metabolism and give an example of each,
  2. state the first and second law of thermodynamics and explain how they relate to converting one form of energy to another,
  3. explain what is meant by entropy,
  4. explain what are the reactants and what are the products in a chemical reaction,
  5. define spontaneous generation,
  6. explain what types of chemical reactions release energy and what types require energy,
  7. explain what is meant by activation energy,
  8. give five ways one may lower the energy of activation,
  9. predict what happens to the rate of a chemical reaction when the temperature is increased or lowered,
  10. define a catalyst, an enzyme, a cofactor, and a coenzyme,
  11. explain the lock and key hypothesis,
  12. explain what is meant by an active site of an enzyme,
  13. explain how inhibition may work to stop a chemical reaction,
  14. give three types of inhibition and explain each,
  15. explain what is meant by allosteric modification and how it ties into inhibition,
  16. explain how temperature and pH may affect enzyme activity,
  17. explain the role of fat-soluble vitamins in enzyme relationships,
  18. explain the function of cobalt as a cofactor,
  19. explain the terms substrate and enzyme-substrate complex,
  20. give three ways oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions may occur, and ,
  21. list six electron or hydrogen acceptors and explain how NAD may become oxidized and reduced.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.


  1. Oxygen combining with hydrogen to form water is an example of a(n) reaction while the breaking down of starch into maltose units is an example of a(n) reaction. (exergonic, endergonic)
  2. The amount of disorder in a system is referred to as .
  3. Energy is neither created nor destroyed but may be transformed from one form to another is the .
  4. There are two forms of mechanical energy: and .
  5. If the total energy is a system is 150 units and the potential energy of that system is 80 units, then the kinetic energy of that system would be units.
  6. In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 --------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, C6H12O6 and O2 are considered while CO2 and H2O and energy are considered . (products, reactants) Since energy is found on the right side of the reaction, it can be considered an . (exergonic, endergonic)
  7. In the diagram shown, the distance from B to A is considered the and from the direction of the curve, the reaction would be an reaction. (exergonic, endergonic)
  8. In the diagram shown, A represents the while E represents , C represents , D represents .
  9. In the diagram shown, the arrows represent the of an enzyme.
  10. The diagram shown represents this type of inhibition. .
  11. The below diagram represents this type of inhibition.
  12. The reactive part of an enzyme is called the
  13. Five ways of decreasing the energy of activation of a chemical reaction are:
    a.
    b.
    c.
    d.
    e.
  14. When you grind coal into dust, you are effectively for a chemical reaction. (See Question 13)
  15. If a chemical reaction normally takes 2 hours to take place and you raise the temperature in the reaction vessel by 10 degrees Celsius, how long should it take for the reaction to take place?
  16. Two ways to affect enzyme activity are by and .
  17. Loss of electrons is while gain of electrons is . (oxidation, reduction)
  18. The addition of hydrogen results in while the loss of hydrogen results in . (oxidation, reduction)
  19. Addition of oxygen results in while the loss of oxygen results in . (oxidation, reduction)
  20. In the reaction NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- <-------> NADH + H+, NAD+ is in the state and NADH is in the state. (oxidized, reduced)
  21. List six electron or hydrogen acceptors.
    a.
    b.
    c.
    d.
    e.
    f.

    Exercises. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer.

  1. Which of the following are catabolic reactions?
     (1) the making of glucose
     (2) the digestion of starch
     (3) hydrolysis
     (4) condensation synthesis
     (5) more than one answer is correct

  2. The statement that everything tends toward entropy refers to the:
    (1) first law of thermodynamics.
     (2) second law of thermodynamics.
     (3) amount of energy to do work is increasing.
     (4) force exerted on some object over some distance.
     (5) more than one answer is correct.
  3. A reaction that proceeds on its own accord is:
     (1) spontaneous.
     (2) an exergonic reaction.
     (3) an endergonic reaction.
     (4) a catabolic reaction.
     (5) more than one answer is correct.


  4. An organic catalyst:

         (1) is an enzyme.
     (2) may lower the energy of activation.
     (3) helps by increasing the proximity of the reactants.
     (4) may need cofactors to function.
     (5) is all of these.

  5. When an inhibitor interferes with an active site alone, it is referred to as this type of inhibition.
         (1) competitive
     (2) noncompetitive
     (3) uncompetitive
     (4) feedback
     (5) more than one answer is correct

  6. When oxygen combines with iron to form rust:
         (1) the iron becomes oxidized.
     (2) the iron becomes reduced.
     (3) oxygen becomes reduced.
     (4) oxygen becomes oxidized.
     (5) more than one answer is correct.

  7. Molybdenum may be found in some enzymes and thus serves as a(n):
         (1) coenzyme.
     (2) cofactor.
     (3) enzyme.
     (4) fat soluble vitamin.
     (5) water soluble vitamin.

  8. Oxidation is a result of a(n):
         (1) gain of electrons.
     (2) addition of hydrogen atoms.
     (3) loss of oxygen.
     (4) loss of electrons.
     (5) more than one answer is correct.

  9. The reaction, E + I <----> EI, represents:
         (1) a competitive inhibition process.
     (2) a noncompetitive inhibition process.
     (3) an uncompetitive inhibition process.
     (4) feedback inhibition.
     (5) more than one of these is correct.

  10. In the reaction:

    (1) Z represents an inhibitor.
     (2) A represents an inhibitor.
     (3) no more Z will be produced.
     (4) no more A will be produced.
     (5) more than one answer is correct.