Chapter 11 - Water

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Terms to Know in This Chapter:

water

solid

liquid

gas

ice

vapor

steam

density

heat of fusion

heat of vaporization

calorie [CAL oh rhee]

Calorie

kilocalorie [KILL oh cal oh ree]

thermal energy

kinetic energy

heat

specific heat

cohesion [co HEESE shun]

adhesion [add HEESE shun]

capillary action [CAP eh lary]

surface tension

evaporation [ee VAPE oh ray shun]

freezing point of water

boiling point of water

melting point of ice

condensation point of vapor [con din SAY shun]

hydrogen bonding

mixture

compound

solution

solute [SOL yute]

solvent [SOL vent]

homogeneous [home of GIN ee us]

heterogeneous [het er oh GIN ee us]

suspension [suh SPEN shun]

colloid [CO lloyd]

gel

sol

reversible

irreversible

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

1. give the importance of water to "life as we know it" today,
2. give the three states of matter and the name of water in each state,
3. explain why water has its greatest density at 4 degrees Celsius and the significance of that fact,
4. explain the differences between solids, liquids and gases,
5. give the specific heat and specific gravity of water,
6. explain what is meant by the heat of fusion and heat of vaporization and give their values in calories/grams,
7. give the freezing point of water, the melting point of ice, the boiling point of water, and the condensation point of vapor in both degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit,
8. explain how hydrogen bonding affects the physical states of water,
9. explain the terms, in relation to water, of adhesion, cohesion, capillary action and surface tension ,
10. explain which materials will float in water and which will sink,
11. define a calorie and distinguish between it and the term Calorie,
12. define temperature, thermal energy, and kinetic energy and how they relate to heat,
13. describe the direction of heat flow,
14. define a mixture and give three ways it differs from a compound,
15. give the three types of mixtures and distinguish among each, and explain which are homogeneous and which are heterogeneous,
16. define solute and solvent,
17. give some examples of solutions and relate them to their states of matter,
18. define a suspension and give an example,
19. define a colloid and name two states in which they may exist,
20. give examples of colloids and indicate which ones are reversible and which are irreversible,
21. indicate the significance of the three types of mixtures in relation to cells,
22. explain the importance of water to cells,
    

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

1. The density of pure water is grams/milliliter at degrees Celsius. Anything with a density of less than that will in water and anything with a density greater than that will . (sink or float)
2. Water rising in a tube due to attraction of the water molecules to the charge of the tube is called action. (capillary, surface tension)
3. results from the great number of hydrogen bonds at the surface of water and allows insects and other things to float on the surface of water even though their density is greater than water. (Adhesion, Cohesion)
4. The freezing point of water is degrees Celsius while the melting point of ice is degrees Celsius.
5. The boiling point of pure water is degrees Celsius and the condensation of pure water vapor is degrees Celsius.
6. The amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of pure water 1 degree Celsius in temperature is the definition of a . The term kilocalories is written as by dieticians.
7. calories/gram is the heat of fusion of water and calories/gram is the heat of vaporization.
8. Water has a high heat and because of that, water warms and cools . (quickly, slowly)
9. The three states of matter are , , and . The state that has no definite shape but a definite volume is and the state that has no definite volume and no definite shape is a
10. All molecules, atoms, and ions are in constant, random .
11. When water can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas all at the same time, it is called the of water.
12. There are three differences between a mixture and a compound. List them.
    a.
    b.
    c.
13. The is often the substance being dissolved while the is the substance doing the dissolving of a solution. (solute, solvent)
14. In a , the particles are heterogeneous and often settle out to the bottom, giving two or more distinct phases.
15. and are two states of a colloid.
16. Some colloids are and others are . The process known as "cellular eating" is an example of a colloid in action.
    

    Exercises. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer.

17. Water:
    (1) is a nonpolar molecule.
    (2) cools slowly and warms quickly.
    (3) has a specific heat of 1.00 cal/g deg C.
    (4) has a low specific heat.
    (5) has its greatest density at 9 deg. Celsius.
    
    
18. Water's ability to form hydrogen bonds is called:

    (1) adhesion.

    (2) cohesion.
    (3) surface tension.
    (4) density.
    (5) turgor.
    
    
19. The heat of fusion of water is:
    (1) 540 cal/grams degrees Celsius.
    (2) 80 cal/grams degrees Celsius.
    (3) the amount of heat necessary to convert 1 gram of ice to 1 gram of water at 0 degrees Celsius.
    (4) the same as the specific heat of water.
    

    (5) more than one answer is correct.

20. A compound is:
    (1) the same thing as a mixture.
    (2) the same thing as a molecule.
    (3) composed of two or more different atoms chemically combined.
    (4) capable of being separated into its constituent materials.
    

    (5) more than one answer is correct.

21. The type of mixture that has large particles that are affected by gravity is a:
    (1) solution.
    (2) solute.
    (3) solvent.
    (4) suspension.
    

    (5) colloid.

22. The substance that often does the dissolving in a mixture is a:
    (1) solution.
    (2) solute.
    (3) solvent.
    (4) suspension.
    

    (5) colloid.

23. The air in the atmosphere is an example of a:
    (1) solution.
    (2) solute.
    (3) solvent.

    (4) suspension.

    (5) colloid.